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A Quantitative Approach to Assess Rhus coriaria Nanophytosomes in Ketamine-Induced Liver Injury

Authors :

Narjes Amin¹ Akbar Hajizadeh Moghadam² Amin Mohammad Mohammadi³ Kimia Mozahheb Yousefi⁴ Fereshteh Mir Mohammadrezaei⁵ Sedigheh Khanjani Jelodar⁶

1- دانشگاه مازندران 2- دانشگاه مازندران 3- دانشگاه تهران 4- دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران 5- دانشگاه مازندران 6- دانشگاه مازندران

Keywords :

Rhus coriaria،Sumac،Ketamine-induced liver toxicity،Nanophytosome،Hepatoprotection

Abstract :

Background: Ketamine, a widely used anesthetic, can cause hepatotoxicity primarily through elevation of serum liver enzymes. Rhus coriaria (sumac) has antioxidant potential, but its clinical application is limited by poor bioavailability. This study investigates the protective effects of sumac and its nanophytosome formulation against ketamine-induced liver injury in male mice. Methods: Twenty-five male mice were randomly assigned to five groups: control, nanophytosome control, ketamine (20 mg/kg), sumac-treated, and sumac-nanophytosome-treated. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were measured after 15 days. Sumac nanophytosomes were synthesized and characterized for particle size and encapsulation efficiency. Results: Ketamine increased ALT to 150 ± 12 U/L and AST to 180 ± 15 U/L vs. control (ALT 45 ± 6, AST 52 ± 7, p < 0.001). Treatment with sumac nanophytosomes reduced ALT to 68 ± 9 (p = 0.002, η² = 0.62) and AST to 92 ± 11 (p < 0.001, η² = 0.71). Crude sumac extract reduced enzymes less effectively (ALT 102 ± 13, AST 138 ± 12). Conclusion: Sumac nanophytosomes demonstrate significant hepatoprotective effects against ketamine-induced liver injury by reducing ALT and AST levels. This nanotechnology-based formulation offers a promising strategy for managing drug-induced hepatotoxicity and represents the first direct comparison of crude versus nanophytosome sumac in this context.