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A Comprehensive Review of Deep Learning Integration in Recommender Systems: Taxonomy, Challenges, and Future Directions

Authors :

Saba Kheirkhah Kheirabadi¹ Dr. Azita Shirazipour² Dr.Seyed Javad Mirabedini³

1- Department of Computer, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2- Department of Computer, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 3- Department of Computer, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Keywords :

Deep Learning،Recommender Systems،Graph Neural Networks،AutoML،Contrastive Learning،Personalization،Fairness،Federated Learning،LLMs،Multi-Modal Fusion

Abstract :

The integration of deep learning (DL) into recommender systems (RS) has significantly reshaped how personalized content is generated and delivered across diverse domains. Traditional recommendations such as collaborative filtering and content-based filtering struggle to cope with the increasing complexity, diversity, and sparsity inherent in modern user-item data. DL techniques, however, can learn rich, non-linear mappings from multi-modal and large-scale data inputs. This is a comprehensive survey that synthesizes the outcome of 40 peer-reviewed papers published in the time period 2023–2025 to provide a fine-level taxonomy of DL architectures like CNNs, RNNs, Transformers, GNNs, and Autoencoders with multimodal and hybrid architectures. We categorize and compare and contrast these models in terms of methodology, application area (e.g., healthcare, academia, streaming media, e-commerce), and key challenge areas like cold-start, scalability, interpretability, and fairness. Furthermore, this paper advocates for an integrated pipeline through AutoML, federated learning, and pretraining with contrast to overcome the barriers related to personalization, privacy, and versatility. Through state-of-the-art model benchmarking and future trends such as LLM-based personalization and ethics-aware design, this survey not only recapitulates latest progress but also charts the future direction to the next generation of trustworthy and intelligent recommender systems.