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Fused Deposition Modeling in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Comprehensive Review

Authors :

Parsa Doaguie¹ Shima Mirzaie Parsa²

1- دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمان 2- دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمان

Keywords :

3D printing،Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)،Bone tissue engineering،Biocompatibility،Polylactic acid (PLA)،regenerative medicine،Bone scaffolds

Abstract :

Bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising approach to address the limitations of conventional bone grafting methods, such as autografts, allografts, and xenografts, which are hindered by issues like immunological responses, disease transmission risks, and limited donor availability. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), a cost-effective and versatile 3D printing technique, has gained significant attention for fabricating bone scaffolds with precise control over geometry, porosity, and mechanical properties. This paper reviews the role of FDM in bone tissue engineering, focusing on its ability to produce scaffolds that mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone, facilitating cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Key scaffold requirements, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical stability, and optimal pore size, are discussed alongside the materials used, such as polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and their composites with bioactive ceramics like hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP). The FDM process, from CAD design to G-code conversion and layer-by-layer deposition, is detailed, highlighting its accessibility through open-source platforms and low-cost materials. Recent advancements, including the development of bio-based filaments and hybrid polymer-ceramic composites, are explored for their enhanced bioactivity and sustainability. The paper also addresses challenges, such as limited material options and high extrusion temperatures, which restrict direct cell incorporation. By offering patient-specific scaffold designs with tunable properties, FDM demonstrates significant potential for bone regeneration, paving the way for advanced clinical applications in addressing complex bone defects.