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Injectability Enhancement and Optimization of a Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Bone Cement

Authors :

Sepehr Larijani¹ Mitra Asadi-Eydivand² Nabiollah Abolfathi³ Mehran Solati-Hashjin⁴

1- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 2- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 3- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 4- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Keywords :

Biphasic calcium phosphate،Bone cement،Injectability،Bone tissue engineering

Abstract :

This study presents a novel approach to developing and optimizing injectable biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP)-based bone cement tailored for injectable applications in bone tissue engineering. The BCP powder, synthesized in-house, was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), confirming its biphasic nature. A practical injectable cement formulation was achieved with liquid-to-powder ratios (LPR) ranging from 0.55 to 0.7 ml/g. At an optimal LPR of 0.65 ml/g, the cement exhibited 70.85% injectability. However, incorporating 4 wt% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) enhanced injectability to 86%, reduced phase separation, and ensured uniform extrusion forces—key requirements for clinical 3D printing applications. Compared to conventional formulations, this cement offers superior injectability and consistency, positioning it as a promising candidate for advanced bone tissue engineering. Future studies will evaluate its biological performance and explore additional biomedical applications.