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Engineering Injectable Gelatin-Tyramine/Alginate-Tyramine Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Ratio-Dependent Study of Structure, Mechanics, and Biocompatibility

Authors :

Melika Mansouri Moghaddam¹ Soroush Ghofrani Beiragh² Elaheh Jooybar³ Rana Imani⁴

1- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 2- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 3- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 4- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Keywords :

Injectable hydrogel،Tyramine-modified polymers،Enzymatic cross-linking،Bone Tissue engineering

Abstract :

The development of injectable hydrogels with tunable physicochemical and biological properties is critical for advancing minimally invasive strategies in bone tissue engineering (BTE). In this study, enzymatically crosslinked hydrogels composed of tyramine-modified gelatin (GEL-TA) and alginate (ALG-TA) were engineered at three volumetric ratios (70:30, 50:50, 30:70) and systematically evaluated for their structural, mechanical, rheological, and biological performance. The optimized GEL50/ALG50 formulation exhibited a balanced gelation time, an interconnected porous morphology, and superior mechanical properties (Young’s modulus: 185.3 ± 12.7 kPa), which can be attributed to enhanced polymer entanglement and crosslinking density. All hydrogels exhibited shear-thinning behavior, desirable for injectability. Human osteosarcoma cell line (MG-63)-based assays confirmed high cytocompatibility, with the GEL50/ALG50 formulation supporting the most favorable cell adhesion, viability, and morphology. These findings highlight the potential of GEL-TA/ALG-TA hydrogels, particularly the 50:50 ratio, as injectable and biocompatible scaffolds for bone regeneration applications.